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Filmaffisch från ”A beautiful mind” från 2001. (Universal)
Ekonomipriset till Nobels minne

Spelteorin prisas återigen av vetenskapsakademin

Av Mattias Magnusson, Omni Ekonomi
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Spelteorin har återigen belönats av Kungliga vetenskapsakademin. Paul R. Milgroms och Robert B. Wilsons auktionsforskning är en fortsättning på den moderna spelteori som började utvecklas under första halvan av 1900-talet.

Forskningsfältets kanske mest kända företrädare – matematikern John Forbes Nash som utvecklade den välkända Nashjämvikten – vann priset 1994. Nashs kamp mot schizofreni gestaltas i filmen ”A beautiful mind” från 2001.

En annan tydlig spelteoretiker som vunnit nobelpriset är Thomas Schelling (2005). Men spelteorin har använts av fler pristagare, till exempel Jean Tirole (2014).

Robert B. Wilsons och Paul R. Milgrom har själva gjort en del rena spelteoretiska upptäckter, bland annat Milgroms arbete kring hur spelare kan bygga sig ett ”rykte” vid återkommande spel.

Wilsons arbete med fenomenet ”vinnarens förbannelse” vid auktionsspel framhålls också av Kungliga vetenskapsakademin.

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Paul Milgrom
Wikipedia (en)
Paul Robert Milgrom (born April 20, 1948) is an American economist. He is the Shirley and Leonard Ely Professor of Humanities and Sciences at Stanford University, a position he has held since 1987. Milgrom is an expert in game theory, specifically auction theory and pricing strategies. He is the co-creator of the no-trade theorem with Nancy Stokey. He is the co-founder of several companies, the most recent of which, Auctionomics, provides software and services that create efficient markets for complex commercial auctions and exchanges. He is the winner of the Nobel Prize in Economics of 2020 together with Robert B. Wilson. Milgrom and his thesis advisor Robert B. Wilson designed the auction protocol the FCC uses to determine which phone company gets what cellular frequencies. Milgrom also led the team that designed the 2016-17 incentive auction, which was a two-sided auction to reallocate radio frequencies from TV broadcast to wireless broadband uses.
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Robert B. Wilson
Wikipedia (en)
Robert Butler "Bob" Wilson, Jr. (born May 16, 1937) is an American economist and the Adams Distinguished Professor of Management, Emeritus at Stanford University. He is known for his contributions to management science and business economics. His doctoral thesis introduced sequential quadratic programming, which became a leading iterative method for nonlinear programming. With other mathematical economists at the Stanford Business School, he helped to reformulate the economics of industrial organization and organization theory using non-cooperative game theory. His research on nonlinear pricing has influenced policies for large firms, particularly in the energy industry, especially electricity.
 
Vinnarens förbannelse
Wikipedia (en)
The winner's curse is a phenomenon that may occur in common value auctions, where all bidders have the same (ex post) value for an item but receive different private (ex ante) signals about this value and wherein the winner is the bidder with the most optimistic evaluation of the asset and therefore will tend to overestimate and overpay. Accordingly, the winner will be "cursed" in one of two ways: either the winning bid will exceed the value of the auctioned asset making the winner worse off in absolute terms, or the value of the asset will be less than the bidder anticipated, so the bidder may garner a net gain but will be worse off than anticipated. However, an actual overpayment will generally occur only if the winner fails to account for the winner's curse when bidding (an outcome that, according to the revenue equivalence theorem, need never occur).The winner’s curse phenomenon was first addressed in 1971 by three Atlantic Richfield petroleum engineers, Capen, Clapp, and Campbell who published the seminal work "Competitive Bidding in High-Risk Situations" in the Journal of Petroleum Technology. who claimed that oil companies suffered unexpectedly low returns “year after year” in early Outer Continental Shelf oil lease auctions. Outer Continental Shelf auctions are common value auctions, where value of the oil in the ground is essentially the same to all bidders.

De har fått ekonomipriset tidigare år

Riksbankens ekonomipris till Alfred Nobels minne har delats ut sedan den svenska centralbankens 300-årsjubileum 1969.

De senaste årens pristagare:
2019: E Duflo (Frankrike), A Banerjee (Indien), M Kremer (USA)
2018: W D Nordhaus (USA), P M Romer (USA)
2017: R Thaler (USA)
2016: O Hart (Storbritannien), B Holmström (Finland)
2015: A Deaton (Storbritannien/USA)
2014: J Tirole (Frankrike)
2013: E Fama (USA), L P Hansen (USA), R Shiller (USA)
2012: A Roth (USA), L Shapley (USA)
2011: T J Sargent (USA), C A Sims (USA)
2010: P A Diamond (USA), D T Mortensen (USA), C A Pissarides (Cypern)
2009: E Ostrom (USA), O Williamson (USA)
2008: P Krugman (USA)

Källa: Nobelstiftelsen

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