Hamas-milis fördöms efter att ha avrättat medlem

Hamas (Arabic: حماس‎ Ḥamās, an acronym of حركة المقاومة الاسلامية Ḥarakat al-Muqāwamah al-ʾIslāmiyyah Islamic Resistance Movement) is a Palestinian Islamic organization, with an associated military wing, the Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades, in the Palestinian territories and elsewhere in the Middle East including Qatar. Hamas is designated as a terrorist organization by the European Union, Canada, Israel, Egypt, Japan, and the United States. Australia and the United Kingdom have designated the military wing of Hamas, the Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades, as a terrorist organization. The organization is banned in Jordan. It is not regarded as a terrorist organization by Iran, Russia, Norway, Switzerland, Brazil, Turkey, China, and Qatar. Hamas was founded in 1987, soon after the First Intifada broke out, as an offshoot of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood, which in its Gaza branch had been non-confrontational towards Israel, refrained from resistance, and was hostile to the PLO. Co-founder Sheik Ahmed Yassin stated in 1987, and the Hamas Charter affirmed in 1988, that Hamas was founded to liberate Palestine, including modern-day Israel, from Israeli occupation and to establish an Islamic state in the area that is now Israel, the West Bank and the Gaza Strip. The group has later stated that it may accept a 10-year truce if Israel withdraws to the 1967 borders and allows Palestinian refugees from 1948, as well as their descendants, to return to what is now Israel. The military wing of Hamas has launched attacks against Israeli soldiers and civilians. Tactics include suicide bombings, and since 2001, rocket attacks. Hamas's rocket arsenal, though mainly consisting of short-range homemade Qassem rockets, also includes long-range weapons that have reached major Israeli cities including Tel Aviv and Haifa. The attacks on civilians have been condemned as war crimes and crimes against humanity by human rights groups such as Human Rights Watch. In the January 2006 Palestinian parliamentary elections, Hamas won a decisive majority in the Palestinian Parliament, defeating the PLO-affiliated Fatah party. Following the elections, the Quartet (the United States, Russia, United Nations, and European Union) made future foreign assistance to the PA conditional upon the future government's commitment to non-violence, recognition of the state of Israel, and acceptance of previous agreements. Hamas rejected those changes, which led to the Quartet suspending its foreign assistance program and Israel imposing economic sanctions on the Hamas-led administration. In March 2007, a national unity government headed by Prime Minister Ismail Haniyeh of Hamas was briefly formed, but this failed to restart international financial assistance. Tensions over control of Palestinian security forces soon erupted in the 2007 Battle of Gaza, after which Hamas took control of Gaza, while its officials were ousted from government positions in the West Bank. Israel and Egypt then imposed an economic blockade of the Gaza Strip, on the grounds that Fatah forces were no longer providing security there. In 2011, Hamas and Fatah announced a reconciliation agreement that provides for creation of a joint caretaker Palestinian government. Progress stalled, until an April 2014 agreement to form a compromise unity government, with elections to be held in late 2014. In 2006, Hamas used an underground cross-border tunnel to capture the Israeli soldier Gilad Shalit, holding him captive until 2011, when he was released in exchange for 1,027 Palestinian prisoners. Since then, Hamas has continued building a network of internal and cross-border tunnels, which are used to store and deploy weapons, shield militants, and facilitate cross-border attacks. Destroying the tunnels was a primary objective of Israeli forces in the 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict. ^ a b "Harakat al-Muqawama al-Islamiyya (Hamas)". Transnational and non state armed groups. Humanitarian Policy and Conflict Research Harvard University. 2008. Retrieved February 7, 2009. ^ ^ ^ ^ Ekaterina Stepanova, Terrorism in Asymmetrical Conflict: Ideological and Structural Aspects, Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, Oxford University Press 2008, p. 113 ^ Rajendra Madhukar Abhyankar (2008). West Asia and the Region: Defining India's Role. p. 465. Hamas considers Palestine the main front of jihad and viewed the uprising as an Islamic way of fighting the Occupation. The leaders of the organisation argued that Islam gave the Palestinian people the power to confront Israel and described the Intifada as the return of the masses to Islam. Since its inception, Hamas has tried to reconcile nationalism and Islam. ... 'Hamas claims to speak as a nationalist movement but with an Islamic-nationalist rather than a secular nationalist agenda.' ^ Meir Litvak (2005). Religious and Nationalist Fanaticism: The Case of Hamas in Fanaticism and Conflict in the Modern Age (edited by Matthew Hughes & Gaynor Johnson). pp. 156–57. Hamas is primarily a religious movement whose nationalist world view is shaped by its religious ideology. ^ "Understanding Islamism", Cris is Group Middle East/North Africa Report N°37, March 2, 2005 "The New Hamas: Between Resistance and Participation". Middle East Report. Graham Usher, August 21, 2005 "Hamas leader condemns Islamist charity blacklist". Reuters. August 23, 2007. Retrieved January 28, 2009. Hider, James (October 12, 2007). "Islamist leader hints at Hamas pull-out from Gaza". The Times (London). Retrieved January 28, 2009. "Council on Foreign Relations". Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved May 27, 2010. ^ "Hamas is a radical Islamic fundamentalist organization that has stated that its highest priority is a Jihad (holy war) for the liberation of Palestine ..." Peace and War: The Arab–Israeli Military Balance Enters the 21st Century, by Anthony H. Cordesman, 2002, p. 243 [1] "One of the secrets behind the success of Hamas is that it is an Islamic and national movement at one and the same time ..." "Hamas: Palestinian Identity, Islam, and National Sovereignty", by Meir Litvak, in Challenges to the Cohesion of the Arabic State, by Asher Susser, 2008, p. 153.[2] "Hamas is an Islamic fundamentalist movement founded in 1987 ..." Understanding Terrorism: Challenges, Perspectives, and Issues, by Gus Martin, 2009, p. 153 [3] "Hamas is an Islamic jihadist organization ..." Why Israel Can't Wait: The Coming War Between Israel and Iran, by Jerome R. Corsi, 2009, p. 39.[4] "Understanding Islamism", Crisis Group Middle East/North Africa Report N°37, March 2, 2005 "Hamas leader condemns Islamist charity blacklist". Reuters. August 23, 2007. Retrieved January 28, 2009. Hider, James (October 12, 2007). "Islamist leader hints at Hamas pull-out from Gaza". The Times (London). Retrieved January 28, 2009. "The New Hamas: Between Resistance and Participation". Middle East Report. Graham Usher, August 21, 2005 "Council on Foreign Relations". Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved May 27, 2010. ^ "Frequently Asked Questions About Hamas". ABC News. January 6, 2006. Retrieved August 2, 2011. ^ "Split between Egypt and Hamas plagues efforts to bring cease-fire in Gaza". Fox News. Retrieved 2014-07-28. ^ EU keeps Hamas on terror list despite court ruling, 27/03/2015 Brussels Keeps Palestinian Hamas Movement on EU Terror Blacklist, 27.03.2015 Statement by High Representative/Vice-President Federica Mogherini on the decision to appeal the Judgment regarding Hamas, 19/01/2015 ^ See also: Hamas#International designation of Hamas ^ "Currently listed entities". Department of Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness. November 22, 2012. ^ "Profile: Hamas Palestinian movement". BBC. July 11, 2014. ^ "Egypt courts list Hamas as terrorist group, give Brotherhood leader life". Reuters. Retrieved 2015-02-28. ^ ^ "Profile: Hamas Palestinian movement". BBC News. Retrieved July 17, 2015. ^ 問10．ハマスとは何ですか。Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan.' 日本は、ハマスを、国連安保理決議1373に基づいて、外国為替及び外国貿易法（外為法）に基づく資産凍結措置の対象としています。'On the basis of United Nations Security Council Resolution 1373, Japan applies to Hamas the frozen assets measures in accordance with its Foreign Exchange and Foreign Trade Law (Foreign Exchange and Foreign Trade Control Law).' ^ "テロ資金対策". 外務省. Retrieved July 17, 2015. ^ According to Michael Penn, (Japan and the War on Terror: Military Force and Political Pressure in the US-Japanese Alliance, I.B. Taurus 2014 pp.205-206), Japan initially welcomed the democratic character of the elections that brought Hamas to power, and only set conditions on its aid to Palestine, after intense pressure was exerted by the Bush Administration on Japan to alter its policy. ^ "Country reports on terrorism 2005" ^ ' Hamas's Izz al-Din al-Qassam Brigades,' Australian National Security:'Like its parent, Hamas is a multifaceted, well organised and relatively moderate organisation renowned for its extensive social service networks in the Palestinian Territories.' ^ "Proscribed Terrorist Organisations" (PDF). UK Home Office. Retrieved 31 July 2014. ^ ^ 'Hamas is not a terrorist organization:Iran,' Iran Daily 1 May 2015. ^ "How to Confront Russia's Anti-American Foreign Policy" The Heritage Foundation. June 27, 2007 ^ criticizes Norway on Hamas,' Views and News from Norway, 6 May 2011: Israeli President Shimon Peres has criticized the Norwegian government’s refusal to classify Hamas as a terrorist organization.' ^ Daniel Möckli, 'Switzerland’s Controversial Middle East Policy,' Center for Security Studies, Zurich Vol.3, No. 35, June 2008 ^ Juliana Barbassa, 'Brazil Terrorism Laws: No One Is A Terrorist,' Huffington Post 3 September 2015. ^ "Gaza flotilla: Turkey threat to Israel ties over raid" at the Wayback Machine (archived June 4, 2012) BBC News. June 4, 2010 ^ "Bank of China may have helped Hamas kill Jews". Free Zionism. Retrieved 30 March 2014. ^ Abha Shankar (Sep 19, 2013). "Bank of China Terror Financing Case Moves Forward". Investigative Project on Terrorism. Retrieved 30 March 2014. ^ Joshua Davidovich (December 18, 2013). "The China bank is not the issue here, dude". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 30 March 2014. ^ Zambelis, Chris. "China's Palestine Policy". Jamestown.org. Retrieved 2014-08-02. ^ Mirren Gidda,'Hamas Still Has Some Friends Left,' Time 25 July 2014. ^ Fatah agrees to celebrate Hamas anniversary in Gaza. JTA, 7 December 2012 ^ Amal Jamal,The Palestinian National Movement: Politics of Contention, 1967-2005, Indiana University Press, 2005 p.197 n.21.Dates differ, between December 1987-January 1988, and August 1988 ^ Helena Lindholm Schulz The Reconstruction of Palestinian Nationalism: Between Revolution and Statehood, Manchester University Press, 1999 p.76 ^ Hamas (Islamic Resistance Movement), http://www.ict.org.il ^ "Israeli Official Says Hamas Has Made Abbas Irrelevant" The New York Times, February 27, 2006 ^ Efraim Inbar. Israel's National Security: Issues and Challenges Since the Yom Kippur War. Routledge, Dec 21, 2007. p. 193 ^ "Hamas". Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved August 2, 2011. ^ Solomon, Jay (July 31, 2009). "Hamas Chief Outlines Terms for Talks on Arab-Israeli Peace". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved August 2, 2011. ^ Amer, Adnan Abu (May 5, 2014). "Hamas' Abu Marzouk says recognizing Israel a 'red line'". Al-Monitor. ^ a b "Hamas's Izz al-Din al-Qassam Brigades". Australian Government. ^ al-Mughrabi, Nidal; Ori Lewis (April 19, 2008). "Hamas bomber killed in attack at Gaza-Israel border". Reuters. Retrieved April 28, 2011. ^ Jamie Chosak; Julie Sawyer (October 19, 2005). "Hamas's Tactics: Lessons from Recent Attacks". Washington Institute for Near East Policy. Retrieved August 1, 2011. ^ McCarthy, Rory (2008-02-05). "Hamas says it was behind suicide blast in Israel". The Guardian. Retrieved 2014-09-22. ^ "Israel army says Gaza truce over after soldier snatched". AFP/Yahoo! News. 2014-08-01. Retrieved 2014-09-22. Lerner said the soldier went missing during a fight with militants who emerged from a concealed tunnel, one of whom blew himself up with an explosives belt. ^ "Hamas Detonates Suicide Bomb, Kidnaps IDF Soldier Just 90 Mins Into Ceasefire". CNN/Youtube. 2014-08-01. Retrieved 2014-09-22. ^ Mark Perry, ‘Gaza’s Bottle Rockets,’ in Gideon Rose (ed) https://books.google.it/books?id=GuWwBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT110 Clueless in Gaza, Foreign Affairs, 2014 p.110:’most of Hamas’ arsenal is comprised of homemade rockets that are decidedly incapable of inflicting mass civilian casualties, flattening apartment blocks, or causing conflagrations that consume entire cities. “Hamas’ rockets can kill people and they have,” a counter-intelligence veteran of the U.S., CIA who spent his career monitoring Israeli and Palestinian military capabilities, told me recently, “but compared to what the Israelis are using, the Palestinians are firing bottle rockets.” ^ The Growing Reach of Hamas’s Rockets. The New York Times. July 2014 ^ "Hamas Rockets from Gaza Target Haifa, Reach Far into Northern Israel". Washington Free Beacon. Retrieved July 17, 2015. ^ "Gaza: Palestinian Rockets Unlawfully Targeted Israeli Civilians". hrw.org/news/. Human Rights Watch. Retrieved 11 July 2014. ^ Israel/PA: Suicide Bombers Commit Crimes Against Humanity. Human Rights Watch ^ "Who are Hamas?". London: BBC News. January 26, 2006. ^ Erlanger, Steven (February 18, 2006). "Hamas Leader Faults Israeli Sanction Plan". The New York Times. Retrieved April 22, 2010. ^ http://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/68794.pdf ^ a b c Hamas New York Times, June 18, 2010 "The pact did not succeed in restoring the flow of aid and did not last. Clashes between the two groups steadily escalated until gunmen loyal to Hamas took control of Gaza in June, ousting the remnants of Fatah." Backgrounder: Hamas. Council of Foreign Relations. August 27, 2009, "In the summer of 2007, Hamas tensions with the Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas, a Fatah man, came to a head and Hamas routed Fatah supporters, killing many and sending others fleeing to the West Bank. The result was a de facto geographic division of Palestinian-held territory, with Hamas holding sway in Gaza and Fatah maintaining the internationally recognized Palestinian Authority government in the West Bank town of Ramallah." ^ "Gaza may face economic disaster if blockade continues". USA Today. Associated Press. March 29, 2009. Retrieved October 9, 2013. ^ "Palestinian rivals Hamas and Fatah sign reconciliation deal" The Guardian (UK), May 4, 2011 ^ Keinon, Herb. "Politics: Fatah-Hamas unity talks breed Likud harmony". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 21 June 2014. ^ CNN Library (August 8, 2014). "Gilad Shalit Fast Facts". CNN. Retrieved July 17, 2015. ^ Inside the tunnels Hamas built: Israel's struggle against new tactic in Gaza war. The Guardian ^ Rudoren, Jodi (28 July 2014). "Tunnels Lead Right to the Heart of Israeli Fear". New York Times. Retrieved 1 August 2014. ^ "Palestinian government criticises UN position on Gaza tunnel". Middle East Monitor. 2013-10-23. Retrieved 2014-07-29.