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Jews have a long history in the region now known as Hungary, with some records even predating the 895 AD Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin by over 600 years. An early example of punitive measures began during the reign of King Ladislaus IV of Hungary (1272–1290), when it was decreed that every Jew should wear a piece of red cloth. During the time of the Black Death (1349), Jews were expelled from the country. King Ladislaus II (1490–1516) burned Jews at the stake, many being executed at Nagyszombat (Trnava) in 1494, on suspicion of ritual murder. As the lord of Bösing (Pezinok) was in debt to the Jews, a blood accusation was brought against these creditors in 1529. A law promulgated by the Imperial Diet of 1645 stated that Jews were excluded from the privileges of the country, that they were unbelievers, and had no conscience. When imperial troops recaptured Buda in 1686, most Jewish residents were massacred. Their fate was not improved under the reign of Leopold's son, Charles III (1711–1740). During the reign of Queen Maria Theresa (1740–1780), the Jews were expelled from Buda (1746). Joseph II (1780–1790) wiped out the decrees that had oppressed the Jews for centuries. The emancipation of the Jews was granted by the national assembly in 1849. The Jews of Hungary were fairly well integrated into Hungarian society by the time of the First World War. By the early 20th century, the community had grown to constitute 5% of Hungary's total population and 23% of the population of the capital, Budapest. Jews became prominent in science, the arts and business. Resentment of this Jewish trend of success was widespread. Anti-Jewish policies grew more repressive in the interwar period as Hungary's leaders, who remained committed to regaining the lost territories of "Greater Hungary", chose to align themselves (albeit warily) with the fascist governments of Germany and Italy – the international actors most likely to stand behind Hungary's claims. Starting in 1938, Hungary under Miklós Horthy passed a series of anti-Jewish measures in emulation of Germany's Nürnberg Laws. The vast majority of Jews who were deported were massacred in Kameniec-Podolsk (Kamianets-Podilskyi). In the massacres of Újvidék (Novi Sad) and villages nearby, 2,550–2,850 Serbs, 700–1,250 Jews and 60–130 others were murdered by the Hungarian Army and "Csendőrség" (Gendarmerie) in January 1942. A Jew living in the Hungarian countryside in March 1944 had a less than 10% chance of surviving the following 12 months. In Budapest, a Jew's chance of survival of the same 12 months was about 50%. Jews from the Hungarian provinces outside Budapest and its suburbs were rounded up. The first transports to Auschwitz began in early May 1944 and continued even as Soviet troops approached. During the last years of World War II, they suffered severely, with over 600,000 being killed (within Hungary's 1943 borders) between 1941 and 1945, mainly through deportation to Nazi German-run extermination camps. Today, the population of ethnic Jews living in Hungary is around 48,200 mostly concentrated in Budapest, although 2011 census data show only 10,965 (0.11%) self-identified religious Jews, of whom 10,553 (96.2%) declared themselves as ethnic Hungarian. The intermarriage rates for Hungarian Jews is around 60%. There are many active synagogues in Hungary, including the Dohány Street Synagogue, the largest synagogue in Europe and the Eastern Hemisphere, and the second largest synagogue in the world after the Temple Emanu-El in New York City.