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The Syrian civil war (Arabic: الْحَرْبُ الْأَهْلِيَّةُ السُّورِيَّةُ, romanized: al-ḥarb al-ʾahlīyah as-sūrīyah) is an ongoing multi-sided civil war in Syria fought between the Syrian Arab Republic led by Syrian president Bashar al-Assad (supported by domestic and foreign allies) and various domestic and foreign forces that oppose both the Syrian government and each other, in varying combinations.Unrest in Syria began on 15 March 2011 as part of the wider 2011 Arab Spring protests out of discontent with the Syrian government, eventually escalating to an armed conflict after protests calling for Assad's removal were violently suppressed. The war is currently being fought by several factions, including the Syrian Armed Forces and its domestic and international allies, a loose alliance of mostly Sunni opposition rebel groups (such as the Free Syrian Army), Salafi jihadist groups (including al-Nusra Front and Tahrir al-Sham), the mixed Kurdish-Arab Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF), and the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL). The peak of the war was around 2015; violence in the country has since diminished, but the situation remains a crisis.A number of foreign countries, such as Iran, Russia, Turkey, and the United States, have either directly involved themselves in the conflict or provided support to one or another faction. Iran, Russia, and Hezbollah support the Syrian Arab Republic and the Syrian Armed Forces militarily, with Russia conducting airstrikes and other military operations since September 2015. The U.S.-led international coalition, established in 2014 with the declared purpose of countering ISIL, has conducted airstrikes primarily against ISIL as well as some against government and pro-government targets. They have also deployed special forces and artillery units to engage ISIL on the ground. Since 2015, the U.S. has supported the Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria and its armed wing, the Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF), materially, financially, and logistically. Turkish forces have fought the SDF, ISIL, and the Syrian government since 2016, but have also actively supported the Syrian opposition and currently occupy large swaths of northwestern Syria while engaging in significant ground combat. Between 2011 and 2017, fighting from the Syrian civil war spilled over into Lebanon as opponents and supporters of the Syrian government traveled to Lebanon to fight and attack each other on Lebanese soil, with ISIL and al-Nusra also engaging the Lebanese Army. Furthermore, while officially neutral, Israel has exchanged border fire and carried out repeated strikes against Hezbollah and Iranian forces, whose presence in southwestern Syria it views as a threat.International organizations have accused virtually all sides involved, including the Ba'athist Syrian government, ISIL, opposition rebel groups, Russia, Turkey, and the U.S.-led coalition of severe human rights violations and massacres. The conflict has caused a major refugee crisis, with millions fleeing mainly to neighboring countries Turkey, Lebanon and Jordan. Over the course of the war, a number of peace initiatives have been launched, including the March 2017 Geneva peace talks on Syria led by the United Nations, but fighting has continued.

Syrian civil war

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A chlorine bomb is a small explosive device which uses the pressure of chemically produced chlorine gas or other chlorine-containing gases such as hydrogen chloride to produce an explosion. It is made with an airtight container part-filled with different types of chlorine tablet and other reagents. The reaction produces an expansive increase in pressure, eventually rupturing the container. Usually, such a device is not made on a large scale, often being manufactured from common house objects.
Such a device is a more toxic and acidic alternative to a dry ice bomb, but likewise typically made by young people for amusement and recreational use rather than with any intent to harm. However, exposure to chlorinous gases and the reactive substances involved can cause respiratory problems from inhalation and also cause injury to other mucous membranes, similar to tear gas. Most injuries relating to these devices involve bruised hands, blinding and other eye injuries. 
Contrary to the opinion of chemical laymen and public security experts, chlorine is not generated by the reaction of hydrochloric acid with ammonia but ammonium chloride. Also chlorine is not formed by the reaction of chlorine bleach with ammonia. The reaction of bleach with ammonia forms monochloramine, nitrogen trichloride, and a number of other toxic and explosive products depending on the circumstances of the chemical reaction, but not pure chlorine.

Chlorine bomb

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Francisco Seco / AP

Syrienkriget

Syriska inbördeskriget eller Syrienkriget är en pågående väpnad konflikt mellan syriska regeringstrupper, ledda av president Bashar al-Assad, och stridande från olika oppositionella grupperingar. Konflikten inleddes under den arabiska våren med de första lokala missnöjesyttringarna i januari 2011, vilka i mitten av mars växte till organiserade landsomfattande protester. Protesterna gällde till en början krav på demokratisering, stopp på den utbredda korruptionen, respekt för de mänskliga rättigheterna och krav på Assads avgång., och möttes med omfattande våld av polis, säkerhetsstyrkor och militär. Under konfliktens gång växte inblandningen från utländska intressegrupper och Syrien såg ett inflöde av pengar och vapen från utlandet. Strider pågår på flera fronter mellan regeringsstyrkor och en lång rad olika organiserade rebellgrupper (med ett inte obetydligt inslag av utländska stridande), som i sin tur också strider mot varandra. Det ursprungliga motivet till proteströrelsen – demokratisering av Syrien – spelar numera en mindre roll, religiösa och etniska orsaker har istället trätt fram.Enligt uppgifter april 2018 har minst 340 000 människor dödats och över tolv miljoner människor, vilket är mer än halva Syriens befolkning, har drivits på flykt. Minst 600 000 syrier levde 2018 i belägrade städer och samhällen, med begränsad tillgång till mat, medicin och sjukvård. Under de knappt fyra första månaderna 2022 hade nästan 1700 människor dödats av krigsrelaterade aktioner.

Syriska inbördeskriget

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Ariel Schalit / AP

Syriska människorättsobservatoriet ( arabiska: المرصد السوري لحقوق الإنسان ; engelska: The Syrian Observatory for Human Rights, SOHR) grundades i maj 2006 och är ett Londonbaserat informationscenter vars mål är att dokumentera missbruket av mänskliga rättigheterna i Syrien. Sedan 2011 har det fokuserat på det pågående (2017) Syriska inbördeskriget. Det har oftast citerat nyhetsmedia, som Voice of America, Reuters, BBC, CNN och National Public Radio och rapporterar dagliga siffror om dödsfall från alla sidor i konflikten.

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