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Micheál Martin (Irish pronunciation: [ˈmʲiːçaːl̪ˠ]; born 1 August 1960) is an Irish Fianna Fáil politician who has served as Taoiseach since June 2020 and as Leader of Fianna Fáil since January 2011. He has been a Teachta Dála (TD) for Cork South-Central since 1989. He served as Leader of the Opposition from 2011 to 2020, Minister for Foreign Affairs from 2008 to 2011, Minister for Enterprise, Trade and Employment from 2004 to 2008, Minister for Health and Children from 2000 to 2004, and Minister for Education and Science from 1997 to 2000.
Born in Cork, Martin initially worked as a teacher before entering politics. He was elected to Cork City Council in 1985, and served as Lord Mayor of Cork from 1992 to 1993. In 1989, he was first elected to Dáil Éireann for Cork South-Central, a seat he has represented ever since. After the victory of Fianna Fáil at the 1997 election, Taoiseach Bertie Ahern appointed Martin to the Cabinet. In 2004, during his time as Health Minister, Martin was notable for introducing a ban on tobacco smoking in all Irish workplaces, making Ireland the first country in the world to introduce a full workplace smoking ban. In the same year, Martin established the Health Service Executive. In 2009, Martin became the first Irish Foreign Minister to travel to Latin America, during which time he also made the first official visit to Cuba by any Irish minister. Martin also visited Khartoum during his time as Foreign Minister, following the kidnapping of Sharon Commins and Hilda Kawuki.
In January 2011, Martin resigned as Foreign Minister in protest at the leadership of Brian Cowen. Following Cowen's own resignation as Leader of Fianna Fáil, Martin was quickly elected to replace him. Just weeks later, at the 2011 general election, Martin led Fianna Fáil to the worst result in its 85-year history, with a loss of 57 seats and a popular vote of just 17.4%. He nevertheless remained in the leadership, becoming Leader of the Opposition, with most party members choosing to blame Cowen rather than Martin for the result. At the 2016 general election, Fianna Fáil's performance improved significantly, more than doubling their representation in the Dáil. Martin continued as Leader of the Opposition and led his party through the 2020 general election, which led to Fianna Fáil becoming the largest party in the Dáil by just one seat.After lengthy negotiations, Martin was appointed Taoiseach on 27 June 2020, leading a grand coalition with longtime rival party Fine Gael, marking the first time these two parties had governed together, along with the Green Party. Under the terms of the coalition agreement, Martin's predecessor, Leo Varadkar, became Tánaiste, and is scheduled to swap roles with Martin in December 2022.

Micheál Martin

Isabelle Nordström

Michael Sohn / AP

Helena Sällström

Peter Morrison / AP

Johanna Westergård 

AJ Produkter

Karl-Magnus Lundvall

Brittiska lokalvalen 2022

The Troubles (Irish: Na Trioblóidí) were an ethno-nationalist conflict in Northern Ireland that lasted about 30 years from the late 1960s to 1998. Also known internationally as the Northern Ireland conflict, it is sometimes described as an "irregular war" or "low-level war". The conflict began in the late 1960s and is usually deemed to have ended with the Good Friday Agreement of 1998. Although the Troubles mostly took place in Northern Ireland, at times violence spilled over into parts of the Republic of Ireland, England and mainland Europe.
The conflict was primarily political and nationalistic, fuelled by historical events. It also had an ethnic or sectarian dimension but despite use of the terms 'Protestant' and 'Catholic' to refer to the two sides, it was not a religious conflict. A key issue was the status of Northern Ireland. Unionists and loyalists, who for historical reasons were mostly Ulster Protestants, wanted Northern Ireland to remain within the United Kingdom. Irish nationalists and republicans, who were mostly Irish Catholics, wanted Northern Ireland to leave the United Kingdom and join a united Ireland.
The conflict began during a campaign by the Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association to end discrimination against the Catholic/nationalist minority by the Protestant/unionist government and local authorities. The government attempted to suppress the protests. The police, the Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC), were overwhelmingly Protestant and accused of sectarianism and police brutality. The campaign was also violently opposed by loyalists, who said it was a republican front. Increasing tensions led to the August 1969 riots and the deployment of British troops, in what became the British Army's longest operation. "Peace walls" were built in some areas to keep the two communities apart. Some Catholics initially welcomed the British Army as a more neutral force than the RUC, but soon came to see it as hostile and biased, particularly after Bloody Sunday in 1972.The main participants in the Troubles were republican paramilitaries such as the Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) and the Irish National Liberation Army (INLA); loyalist paramilitaries such as the Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF) and Ulster Defence Association (UDA); British state security forces such as the British Army and RUC; and political activists. The security forces of the Republic of Ireland played a smaller role. Republicans carried out a guerrilla campaign against British forces as well as a bombing campaign against infrastructural, commercial and political targets. Loyalists attacked republicans/nationalists and the wider Catholic community in what they described as retaliation. At times, there were bouts of sectarian tit-for-tat violence, as well as feuds within and between paramilitary groups. The British security forces undertook policing and counter-insurgency, primarily against republicans. There were incidents of collusion between British state forces and loyalist paramilitaries. The Troubles also involved numerous riots, mass protests and acts of civil disobedience, and led to increased segregation and the creation of temporary no-go areas.
More than 3,500 people were killed in the conflict, of whom 52% were civilians, 32% were members of the British security forces and 16% were members of paramilitary groups. Republican paramilitaries were responsible for some 60% of the deaths, loyalists 30% and security forces 10%. The Northern Ireland peace process led to paramilitary ceasefires and talks between the main political parties, which resulted in the Good Friday Agreement of 1998. This Agreement restored self-government to Northern Ireland on the basis of "power-sharing" and it included acceptance of the principle of consent, commitment to civil and political rights, parity of esteem, police reform, paramilitary disarmament and early release of paramilitary prisoners. There has been sporadic violence since the Agreement, including punishment attacks and a campaign by dissident republicans.



The Troubles

The 2022 Northern Ireland Assembly election was held on 5 May 2022. It elected 90 members to the Northern Ireland Assembly. It is the seventh assembly election since the assembly was established in 1998.
The election was held three months after the Northern Ireland Executive collapsed due to the resignation of the First Minister, Paul Givan (DUP), in protest against the Northern Ireland Protocol.In the sixth assembly, elected in 2017, eight parties had Members of the Legislative Assembly (MLAs): the Democratic Unionist Party (DUP), latterly led by Jeffrey Donaldson; Sinn Féin, led by Michelle O'Neill; the Ulster Unionist Party (UUP), latterly led by Doug Beattie; the Social Democratic and Labour Party (SDLP), led by Colum Eastwood; Alliance, led by Naomi Long; the Greens, led by Clare Bailey; People Before Profit (PBP), who have a collective leadership; and the Traditional Unionist Voice (TUV), led by Jim Allister.

2022 Northern Ireland Assembly election

Liam McBurney / AP

Turbulensen i Nordirland

Saoradh (Irish: [ˈsˠiːɾˠə], "Liberation") is a far-left political party and pressure group formed by dissident Irish republicans in 2016, which is active in both the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland. The Police Service of Northern Ireland and independent commentators describe the party as being close with the New IRA, although Saoradh themselves deny this.



Saoradh

Irländska republikanska armén (IRA) (engelska: Irish Republican Army, iriska: Óglaigh na hÉireann), syftar numera oftast på den största av flera olika organisationer som använder namnet Provisoriska IRA, som bildades 1969 och vars politiska gren är partiet Sinn Féin. Särskilt under 1970- och 1980-talen genomförde de, och tog ansvar för, en rad terrordåd. Deras övergripande mål är avskaffandet av Nordirland och Irländska republiken till förmån för en enad irländsk stat.
Namnet IRA har emellertid använts av flera organisationer under 1900- och 2000-talet. Det ursprungliga IRA hette från början Irish Volunteers och grundades 1913 med målet att "säkra och upprätthålla Irlands befolknings rättigheter och friheter" ("to secure and maintain the rights and liberties common to the whole people of Ireland"). Denna organisation splittrades 1914. Den del som behöll namnet Irish Volunteers omorganiserades och döptes den 25 oktober 1917 om till Irländska republikanska armén. En av grundarna var Michael Collins (1890–1922), militär, politisk ledare och tidigt medlem i Sinn Fein och Irish Republican Brotherhood, det mest extrema av de många revolutionära sällskapen. Efter irländska frihetskriget, där organisationen stred mot Storbritannien, splittrades den i frågan om det anglo-irländska avtalet. Mot-sidan förlorade slutligen 1923 kriget som skulle bli känt som irländska inbördeskriget.
Trots nederlaget fortsatte IRA att existera som en organisation under olika skepnader, strukturer och externa förhållanden fram till 1969, då den återigen splittrades. Officiella IRA tynade med tiden bort till förmån för Provisoriska IRA, som fortsatte den väpnade kampen. Provisoriska IRA är, trots två splittringar 1986 (då Continuity IRA bildades) och 1997 (då Real IRA bildades) än idag det mest betydelsefulla IRA.
Gemensamt för alla organisationer som gått under namnet IRA har varit målet att ena och befria Irland. Vad detta mer exakt inneburit har varierat med de yttre omständigheterna. Trots att vissa element har haft starkt socialistiska drag är detta inte något som kan sägas gälla för alla organisationer eller individer.

Irländska republikanska armén

Nordirland

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