Linus Lindgren

Michal Dyjuk / AP

Ryska invasionen

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Staffan Dickson

The Blitz was a German bombing campaign against the United Kingdom in 1940 and 1941, during the Second World War. The term was first used by the British press and originated from the term Blitzkrieg, the German word meaning 'lightning war'.The Germans conducted mass air attacks against industrial targets, towns, and cities, beginning with raids on London towards the end of the Battle of Britain in 1940 (a battle for daylight air superiority between the Luftwaffe and the Royal Air Force over the United Kingdom). By September 1940, the Luftwaffe had lost the Battle of Britain and the German air fleets (Luftflotten) were ordered to attack London, to draw RAF Fighter Command into a battle of annihilation. Adolf Hitler and Reichsmarschall Hermann Göring, commander-in-chief of the Luftwaffe, ordered the new policy on 6 September 1940. From 7 September 1940, London was systematically bombed by the Luftwaffe for 56 of the following 57 days and nights. Most notable was a large daylight attack against London on 15 September.
The Luftwaffe gradually decreased daylight operations in favour of night attacks to evade attacks by the RAF, and the Blitz became a night bombing campaign after October 1940. The Luftwaffe attacked the main Atlantic seaport of Liverpool in the Liverpool Blitz. The North Sea port of Hull, a convenient and easily found target or secondary target for bombers unable to locate their primary targets, suffered the Hull Blitz. The port cities of Bristol, Cardiff, Portsmouth, Plymouth, Southampton, Swansea, Belfast, and Glasgow were also bombed, as were the industrial centres of Birmingham, Coventry, Manchester, and Sheffield. More than 40,000 civilians were killed by Luftwaffe bombing during the war, almost half of them in the capital, where more than a million houses were destroyed or damaged.In early July 1940, the German High Command began planning Operation Barbarossa, the invasion of the Soviet Union. Bombing failed to demoralise the British into surrender or do much damage to the war economy; eight months of bombing never seriously hampered British war production, which continued to increase. The greatest effect was to force the British to disperse the production of aircraft and spare parts. British wartime studies concluded that most cities took 10 to 15 days to recover when hit severely, but some, for example Birmingham, took three months.The German air offensive failed because the Luftwaffe High Command (Oberkommando der Luftwaffe, OKL) did not develop a methodical strategy for destroying British war industry. Poor intelligence about British industry and economic efficiency led to OKL concentrating on tactics rather than strategy. The bombing effort was diluted by attacks against several sets of industries instead of constant pressure on the most vital.

The Blitz

Johanna Westergård 

Praktikertjänst

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Isabelle Nordström

Linnea Järkstig

Johan Nilsson/TT

MIM-104 Patriot är en amerikansk luftvärnsrobot, som tillverkas av Raytheon. Den utgör den huvudsakliga luftvärnsbeväpningen i USA:s armé och används av många fler nationer. Patriot ersatte roboten MIM-14 Nike-Hercules som USA:s huvudsakliga High to Medium Air Defense (HIMAD) och Hawk som USA:s medeldistans taktiska luftvärnsplattform. Även om det inte ingick i den ursprungliga specifikationen, har Patriot också fått en roll som antiballistisk robot, vilket idag utgör dess huvudsakliga uppgift, då amerikanska soldater förväntas strida under skydd av oinskränkt luftherravälde.
Utöver roboten består systemet av en AN/MPQ-53 och AN/MPQ-65 radar som söker efter och följer fientliga plan och robotar, en datoriserad och AN/MSQ-104 nätverksuppkopplad stridsledningscentral, samt fordon och ramper.
Patriot utvecklades vid Redstonearsenalen i Huntsville, Alabama, liksom ett stort antal andra amerikanska robotar. Namnet Patriot är en akronym för Phased Array Tracking Radar [to] Intercept Of Target.
Patriot har sålts bland annat till Egypten, Grekland, Israel, Japan, Kuwait, Nederländerna, Saudiarabien, Spanien, Taiwan och Tyskland. Sedan Nordkorea provsprängt kärnvapen, samt provskjutit ballistiska robotar, har också Sydkorea uttryckt ett intresse att köpa systemet. Den sjunde november 2017 tillkännagav den svenska regeringen att Sverige skulle köpa in ett antal system till Försvarsmakten, vilka togs i operativt bruk i december 2021 under beteckningen Robotsystem 103.

MIM-104 Patriot

Pernilla Pettersson

Svenska Institutet för Standarder

Crimea ( (listen) kry-MEE-ə) is a peninsula in Ukraine, on the northern coast of the Black Sea. It has a population of 2.4 million. The peninsula is almost entirely surrounded by the Black Sea and the smaller Sea of Azov. The Isthmus of Perekop connects the peninsula to Kherson Oblast in mainland Ukraine. To the east, the Crimean Bridge, constructed in 2018, spans the Strait of Kerch, linking the peninsula with Krasnodar Krai in Russia. The Arabat Spit, located to the northeast, is a narrow strip of land that separates the Sivash lagoons from the Sea of Azov. Across the Black Sea to the west lies Romania and to the south is Turkey.
Crimea (called the Tauric Peninsula until the early modern period) has historically been at the boundary between the classical world and the steppe. Greeks  colonized its southern fringe and were absorbed by the Roman and Byzantine Empires and successor states while remaining culturally Greek. Some cities became trading colonies of Genoa, until conquered by the Ottoman Empire. Throughout this time the interior was occupied by a changing cast of steppe nomads. In the 14th century it became part of the Golden Horde; the Crimean Khanate emerged as a successor state. In the 15th century, the Khanate became a dependency of the Ottoman Empire. Russia was often the target of slave raids during this period. In 1783, the Russian Empire annexed Crimea after an earlier war with Turkey. Crimea's strategic position led to the 1854 Crimean War and many short lived regimes following the 1917 Russian Revolution. When the Bolsheviks secured Crimea it became an autonomous soviet republic within Russia. During World War II, Crimea was downgraded to an oblast. In 1944 Crimean Tatars were ethnically cleansed and deported under the orders of Joseph Stalin, in what has been described as a cultural genocide. The USSR transferred Crimea to Ukraine on the 300th anniversary of the Pereyaslav Treaty in 1954.
After Ukrainian independence in 1991 the central government and Crimea clashed, with the region being granted  more autonomy. The Soviet fleet in Crimea was also in contention but a 1997 treaty allowed Russia to continue basing its fleet in Sevastopol. In 2014, the Russians occupied the peninsula and organized an illegal referendum in support of Russian annexation, but most countries recognize Crimea as Ukrainian territory.

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