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Coronaviruset

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Mattias Sävenstrand

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Isabelle Nordström

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Kampen mot polio

Poliomyelitis, commonly shortened to polio, is an infectious disease caused by the poliovirus. In about 0.5 percent of cases, it moves from the gut to affect the central nervous system, and there is muscle weakness resulting in a flaccid paralysis. This can occur over a few hours to a few days. The weakness most often involves the legs, but may less commonly involve the muscles of the head, neck, and diaphragm. Many people fully recover. In those with muscle weakness, about 2 to 5 percent of children and 15 to 30 percent of adults die. Up to 70 percent of those infected have no symptoms. Another 25 percent of people have minor symptoms such as fever and a sore throat, and up to 5 percent have headache, neck stiffness, and pains in the arms and legs. These people are usually back to normal within one or two weeks.  Years after recovery, post-polio syndrome may occur, with a slow development of muscle weakness similar to that which the person had during the initial infection.Poliovirus is usually spread from person to person through infected fecal matter entering the mouth. It may also be spread by food or water containing human feces and less commonly from infected saliva. Those who are infected may spread the disease for up to six weeks even if no symptoms are present. The disease may be diagnosed by finding the virus in the feces or detecting antibodies against it in the blood. The disease occurs naturally only in humans.The disease is preventable with the polio vaccine; however, multiple doses are required for it to be effective. The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends polio vaccination boosters for travelers and those who live in countries where the disease is endemic. Once infected, there is no specific treatment. In 2018, there were 33 cases of wild polio and 104 cases of vaccine-derived polio, and in 2019, there were 175 cases of wild polio and 364 cases of vaccine-derived polio. This is down from 350,000 wild cases in 1988. Vaccine-derived polio is a strain of the weakened poliovirus that was initially included in oral polio vaccine and that has changed over time and behaves more like the naturally occurring virus. Between 2018 and 2022, the only countries in which the World Health Organization (WHO) consistently reported cases of the wild disease were Afghanistan and Pakistan.Poliomyelitis has existed for thousands of years, with depictions of the disease in ancient art. The disease was first recognized as a distinct condition by the English physician Michael Underwood in 1789, and the virus that causes it was first identified in 1909 by the Austrian immunologist Karl Landsteiner. Major outbreaks started to occur in the late 19th century in Europe and the United States. In the 20th century, it became one of the most worrying childhood diseases in these areas. The first polio vaccine was developed in the 1950s by Jonas Salk. Soon after, Albert Sabin developed an oral vaccine, which has become the world standard.

Polio

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Anders Hovne

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Inrikes

Helena Sällström

Fredrik Sandberg/TT

Spridningen av könssjukdomar

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Felicia Nordlund

Pi Frisk / SvD / TT

Joel Malmén

ERIK MÅRTENSSON / TT

Utrikes

Virussjukdomen apkoppor

An ongoing outbreak of monkeypox was confirmed in May 2022, beginning with a cluster of cases found in the United Kingdom. The first recognised case was confirmed on 6 May 2022 in an individual with travel links to Nigeria (where the disease is endemic),
but it has been suggested that cases were already spreading in Europe in the previous months. From 18 May onwards, cases were reported from an increasing number of countries and regions, predominantly in Europe, but also in North and South America, Asia, Africa, and Australia. 1,352 cases had been confirmed as of 9 June.The outbreak marked the first time the disease has spread widely outside Central and West Africa. Cases have mainly but not exclusively been identified amongst men who have sex with men (MSM), but health authorities emphasized that anyone can catch the disease, particularly if they have close contact with a symptomatic person. Initial WHO assessments expressed the expectation of the outbreak to be contained, and of low impact to the general population in affected countries. A more recent statement acknowledged that undetected transmission had occurred for some time and called for urgent action to reduce transmission.Monkeypox is a viral infection that manifests a week or two after exposure with fever and other non-specific symptoms, and then produces a rash that can last for a couple of weeks before usually clearing up. In infections before the current outbreak, between one and three people out of a hundred known infections have died (without treatment). Cases in children are more likely to be severe.



2022 monkeypox outbreak

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